Thermal stability of anfo made with recycled oil author. Merge pdf files combine pdfs in the order you want with the easiest pdf merger available. That is, a borehole or column of anfo less than two inches in diameter will detonate in the immediate area of the primer, but cannot reliably carry the detonation process much beyond that point. Anfo is a free flowing loose poured mixture of porous prilled ammonium nitrate nitropril and fuel oil fo, formulated to be oxygen balanced for use in dry blastholes. A blaster who has any explosivesflammability concerns must discuss. Introduction to explosives for official use only anfo ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. Anfo characteristics the critical diameter of poured anfo is about 2. Rowland iii and richard mainiero abstract for many years there have been small scale tests available for evaluating the toxic fumes.
As a measure of an explosives capacity to create fire from an open flame carried by its detonation. Those of you with functional email accounts are receiving this as an email. Rowland iii and richard mainiero abstract for many years there have been small scale tests available for evaluating the toxic fumes production by capsensitive explosives dot class 1. In 1955 it was discovered that mixtures of ammonium nitrate and fine coal dust would give very satisfactory blasting. Analysis and trends anfo can be used as a main charge but requires a booster for detonation requires umilled. The computeraided design cad files and all associated content posted to this website are created, uploaded, managed and owned by third party users. Dear basic explosives course participant, please find enclosed the precourse materials mentioned in the course announcement. Anfo 20 or anfo, for ammonium nitrate fuel oil is a widely used explosive mixture. Explosives engineering home institute of explosives. In the menu at the top, select view make sure thumbnails is checked in the dropdown menu. Anfo is a tertiary explosivemeaning that it cannot be set off by the small quantity of primary explosive in a typical blasting cap. It consists of 94% porous prilled ammonium nitrate nh 4 no 3 an, which acts as the oxidizing agent and absorbent for the fuel, and 6% number 2 fuel oil fo. With its low sensitivity and excellent performance in breaking and displacing rock, it is ideal for quarries and civil works. The detonation velocities of the mixtures are lower than the detonation velocity of anfo, but significantly higher than that of ammonium nitratev.
And ammonium nitrate to make anfo type blasting agents b y thomas c. Simply click on the download link below to see it in action 1. To change the order of your pdfs, drag and drop the files. Application anfo has zero water resistance and has a wide variety of applications in dry hole blasting conditions. Anfo prilled ammonium nitrate description anfo is a nominal 94. Anfo has found wide use in coal miningquarryingmetal miningand civil construction in applications where its low ano and ease of use may outweigh the benefits of other explosives, such as water resistance, oxygen balance, higher detonation velocity, or performance in smalldiameter columns.
Papers, articles and letters to the editor are welcome and should be sent to the editor at her email address, or by post to the institute address. Anfo, emulsion and heavy anfo blends useful explosive. Identification of the material and supplier product name. When anfo reaches its full vod the strength is given as. Classified as dangerous goods by the criteria of the australian code for the transport of explosives by road and rail. Influence of a primer on the velocity of detonation of anfo. If it is loaded pneumatically the critical diameter can be increased to 1. Anfo and waterbased explosives such as water gels and emulsions are more difficult to ignite in the open. I have not discussed the limits of what can be done with anfo like materials by altering the chemical and physical properties. Emissions associated with the manufacture of explosives are treated in section 6.
The fuel component of anfo is typically diesel, but kerosenecoal dust, racing fuel, or even molasses have been used instead. Material safety data sheet this material is hazardous according to criteria of nohsc. To obtain copies, contact explosives engineering subscriptions at the institute address above. Relative weight strength rws and relative bulk strength rbs can be calculated based on anfo 1. The press and other media have used the term anfo loosely and imprecisely in describing improvised explosive devices ieds exploivo, in cases of fertilizer bombs see malicious use below. Rwee is defined as the effective energy of an explosive compared to the effective energy of an equal weight of standard anfo. If your open pdf has more than a single page, select a thumbnail in the lefthand side where you want to insert another pdf file.
After the reaction the an solution is about 83% concentration. Their papers, recently published, present the influence of the characteristics of ammonium nitrate, such as grain size, density, porosity, etc. G05 01 guidelines for bulk explosives facilities february 2014 2 1. Analysis and trends anfo can be used as a main charge but requires a booster for detonation requires umilled porous prills of an because are less dense and retain moisture better improvisation of pure an is not difficult. All chemicals listed on the australian inventory of chemical substances aics. Cheques should be made payable in sterling to the institute of explosives engineers. Influence of the initiation energy on thevelocity of. Before you combine the files into one pdf file, use merge pdf to draganddrop pages to reorder or to delete them as you like. In 1955 it was discovered that mixtures of ammonium nitrate and fine coal dust would give very satisfactory blasting results in the large about 22. All uploads and downloads are deemed secure and files are. Wear protective equipment to prevent skin and eye contact and inhalation of.
May 14, 20 confined, anfos critical diameter is approximately 1 14 inches. Open cut coal, open cut metal, quarry, construction product type. Emission estimation technique manual for explosives. November learn how and when to remove this template message. Military applications are excluded from this discussion. Anfo or anfo, for ammonium nitratefuel oil is a widely used bulk industrial explosive. Head to the nearest chemistpharmacy, go up to the counter and ask for 6% peroxide, the person will take you to where it is. Anfo under most conditions is considered a high explosive. Explosive properties of mixtures of ammonium nitratev.
A more useful indication of the strength of an explosive is the relative effective energy. A poison schedule number has not been allocated to this product using the criteria in the standard for the. It is not applicable in ground containing reactive sulphides. A blaster who has any explosivesflammability concerns must discuss them with the explosives manufacturers. This guidance material is written to reflect the common explosives detonation and firing ranges.
Remember, its not a crime to know how to manufacture explosives, but it is a crime to do it and really, stuffing around with anfo can be extremely harmful or fatal and is best left to the professionals. A common example is anfo, a mixture of ammonium nitrate, which acts as the oxidizer, and fuel oil the fuel source. Anfo ammonium nitrate fuel oil ammonium nitrate production reaction of anhydrous ammonia gas and concentrated nitric acid. Ruhe us bureau of mines, pittsburgh research center pittsburgh, pennsylvania, usa t. Explosives anfo ammonium nitrate fuel oil on 10 november 2009 international troops and afghan police seized 250 tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizer in the southern city of kandahar. Recover content and data from corrupt files with ease. Upload a corrupt or damaged pdf and we will try to fix it. Doc explosivos anfo diego gonzalez zapata academia.
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